The history of Egypt is the longest continuous history of a country in the world for more than 7000 years BC, where Egypt was characterized by the existence of the Nile River, which breaks its land, which was considered a catalyst for the establishment of a long-standing civilization, and Egypt is located in a distinct geographical link between the continents of Asia and Africa and linked to the continent of Europe Mediterranean route. All this led to a civilization known as the oldest civilization in human history.
The Old Kingdom
The Egyptian civilization developed and crystallized the principles of a "central government" around the year 3200 BC. King Mina unified the kingdoms of the north and south of Egypt. The era of this state witnessed a comprehensive renaissance in all aspects of life, where the Egyptians reached the hieroglyphs [ie, the sacred inscription. This era witnessed the construction of the first pyramid in Egypt and the world, Pyramid of Djoser amphitheater known as the Pyramid of Saqqara, which is the first stone structure in the world and was established in 2861 BC. Great craft became m Zmh like any other well-established character, famous for its ancient Egypt, and in this era ruled families from the Third Dynasty to the Sixth Dynasty.
The Pharaohs played ball 3000 years before BC and they had competitions crowned the winning team in carats of gold
The Middle Kingdom Era
The Middle Kingdom (2040-1640 BC) precedes the first medieval period, during which the dynasties ruled from the seventh to the tenth, which ended with the division of the country. The regime imposed, and the kings of the Middle Kingdom interested in the projects most beneficial to the people prospered agriculture and handicrafts developed, and Egyptian artists and engineers produced a wonderful heritage spread in Luxor, Fayoum and Ain Shams · Art and literature also flourished in this era, and the kings of this era Amenemhat I, Amenemhat III and followed these Country Middle Age For the second, which ruled the families from 13 to 17, which weakened the central state led to raid tribes inhabiting the eastern Mediterranean region known as the Hyksos of Egypt and conquered areas in the north and center of the country.
The era of the modern state
(1580 - 1150 BC) After King Ahmose I was the elimination of the Hyksos and expelled them outside the borders of the eastern state of Egypt returned security and stability throughout the country · Egypt began a new era is the era of the modern state, and Egypt realized the importance of military power to protect the country, was established a strong army To form a great empire that extended from the Euphrates River in the east to the fourth waterfall on the Nile in the south, Egypt became the first great power in the history of mankind [6], and thus became a vast sprawling empire and the oldest empire in history. The fields of politics, war, culture and civilization Religion Ahmose the hero of liberation, Amenhotep I just issued a law prohibiting forced labor and the establishment of fair standards of wages and incentives · Tuthmosis I warrior who expanded the Egyptian border north and south and spread education and expanded the opening of mines and mining industry And the first great conqueror in the history of the world ·· and Thutmose IV diplomat, who was the first to care for the codification and registration of international treaties ·· Amenhotep III, the richest king in the ancient world, and opened schools "houses of life" to spread education and plastic arts and applied
The lobby of the columns at Karnak Temple
Akhenaten was the first to call for the reunification of the pharaonic gods and symbolize the sun disk. · And Tutankhamun, who gained fame in the contemporary world · The most famous queens of this family, for example Queen Ihhotep, wife of King "Saknen-Re", and Queen "Ahmose-Nefertari" Ahmose I Queen Nefertiti, the wife of Akhenaten, and the great Queen Hatshepsut, who ruled Egypt for almost 20 years. Egypt reached its highest peak in civilization, architecture and international trade. One of the greatest effects The most famous and magnificent is the "Deir el Bahari" temple on the west shore of the Nile in the face of Luxor, which is unique in its design and has no parallel between all the temples of the ancient world and the Temple of Karnak, which is the largest temple in the ancient world. He called for the worship of one God and symbolized by the sun disk and established a new capital of the country and called it "Akhetaten" · King Ramses II, who defeated the Hittites and held with their king the first peace treaty in history and built about six temples, the most famous of which are the Temple of Abu Simbel, and Ramses III, who repelled the attacks of the Libyans and the peoples of the sea. Average
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Persians invasion of Egypt
After Cambyses II assumed the throne, he established the foundations of his rule and secured its boundaries, where there were some unrest. Cyrus asked for the hand of Ahmose II's daughter, but he refused and decided to send him the daughter of King Abres instead, which left Cyrus with great anger and hastened his occupation of Egypt.
During the reign of Ahmose, Egypt enjoyed considerable progress and stability throughout his reign.However, there were some weaknesses that seemed to pose a threat, such as the fact that the Egyptian army was the main pillar of many foreign mercenaries, which makes their loyalties in doubt, as well as the grants to which Ahmose belonged to them. It made them the envy and hatred of the Egyptians, and as a result of these things that one of the leaders in the army, named Vannis to the ranks of the Cambyses army and told him the plans of the Egyptian army and its positions, as indicated by the paths of the desert.
Ahmose tried to prepare for the expected attack by Cambyses by trying to forge an alliance with Cyprus and the tyrant Polycrat of Samos, who had a large fleet to have maritime sovereignty, but failed, failing him and joining the Persians.
Qambiz was able to secure water for his army from the leaders of the provinces that his army would pass through in the southern desert. Meanwhile, Ahmose I died before Qambiz started his campaign and reached Egypt.His son Psamatik III took over from his father.He faced Qambiz's army after crossing the Arab desert and reaching the front fort on The Pelosium border near Port Said, defeated Psamatic in that battle and withdrew to Memphis, Cambyses continued to advance and reached Ain Shams and then to Memphis where he faced Psamatic again but was defeated and captured in this battle and Cambyses took over the capital, and Egypt became a Persian state
The Greek Age
Alexander the Macedonian succeeded in defeating the Persians in Asia Minor and continued his conquests until India, where he hired a naval team and Egyptian expeditionary crews [7], and before that succeeded in expelling the Persians from Egypt who did not resist [8] in 333 BC. Alexander himself was crowned King of the Pharaohs and laid the foundation of the city of Alexandria and then pilgrimage to the Temple of Amun in the Siwa Oasis, which was widely known at the time.
The Ptolemies ruled the dynasty that descended from Ptolemy, one of Alexander's closest leaders, Egypt from 333 to 30 BC. The Romans positioned and influenced the independence of Egypt, where Rome sought to extend its influence on Egypt and eliminated the Ptolemies year 30 BC · days of the rule of Queen Cleopatra VII, which was the last king of the Ptolemaic Egypt and ended the independence of Egypt and joined the Roman Empire.
Manifestations of Egyptian civilization during the Ptolemaic era
The Ptolemies built in Alexandria the palaces and gardens, and Alexandria became the center of civilization where it became famous in the field of art, science, industry and trade. It was also the first port in the Mediterranean thanks to its famous beacon which the Greeks considered one of the seven wonders of the world.
A great Greek civilization was established in Alexandria:
The University of Alexandria (ancient) established by the Ptolemies thanks to the scientists of the University of Alexandria in finding scientific facts about the Earth's rotation around the sun and the estimation of the circumference of the globe, and the university is famous for studying medicine, especially anatomy and surgery, and the most famous scientists at the University of Alexandria Euclid engineering scientist, and "Ptolemy" Egyptian Geographer and Maniton
Bibliotheca Alexandrina and its Cultural Impact: The Ptolemies in Alexandria established a huge library that was considered the greatest library in the world that contained more than half a million papyrus rolls. The Ptolemies ordered that each visitor of the city of Alexandria be given a copy of his works. ·
The Ptolemies acted to respect the religion of the Egyptians and offered sacrifices to the Egyptian deities, and constructed temples such as the Temple of Edfu and the Temple of Dandara and the temples of Philae in Aswan.
Ptolemy I included a number of annexes to Egypt: Cyrenaica, Southern Syria, Phenicia, Palestine and Cyprus.
Roman times
The Romans entered Egypt in 30 BC and became one of its states, but Egypt became one of the most important states of the Roman Empire due to its economic importance.Egypt was known as the food basket of the Roman state, and Alexandria became the second most important cities of the empire after Rome and the University of Alexandria (old) continued to work.
The glass, paper and linen industry, as well as perfumes and toiletries, have become famous in Egypt.
The Coptic Age
Christianity entered Egypt in the middle of the first century AD by the entry of St. Mark to Alexandria and the establishment of the first church in Egypt and Africa as a whole.
The Christians suffered from the persecution of the Romans, especially during the period of Emperor Diocletian, who took the Copts from the year he took the throne of the empire as the beginning of the annual calendar of the Coptic Christians.
The world took different aspects of Coptic literature, the most important of which is the sayings of the Fathers and then the sermons in the struggle of paganism to install Christianity and then magic and then worldly or popular literature. As for the words of the Fathers, they are ecclesiastical statements that supported the Order and showed its psychological and practical aspects.A delegation from Egypt to the East and the West who wrote down these statements and proved them in their Greek, Latin and Syriac languages, and these pure Christian teachings opened the way to the Order, and they proceeded on their gift and weaved along its lines. The Coptic monks in their early ages were known for their piety and humility, and they worked and taught.They were spoken in different languages ??in the book of the monks' orchard and in the writings of the clever fathers in worship as well as in their biographies.
The Islamic Era
Islam entered Egypt during the reign of the Arab caliph Omar ibn al-Khattab and led by Amr ibn al-Aas in 641 AD. During the period of Arab-Islamic rule, Egypt witnessed progress in the fields of architecture and arts such as architecture, decoration and Islamic inscriptions.
During the Fatimid period, the most famous architecture of the Fatimid Caliphate in Egypt was the Al-Azhar Mosque, in addition to several other manifestations. The most famous fortress of the city of Cairo, Salahuddin Castle, in addition to the architectural wealth that emerged during the Mamluk era.
Alawite family
Mohamed Ali is considered the founder of modern Egypt for his reforms that included all aspects of life in accordance with the spirit of modern times at the time.He started to build Egypt's strong army and established a military school, and the shipbuilding industry in Bulaq and the naval arsenal in Alexandria. He reformed the conditions of agriculture and irrigation, established barrages, dams and canals, and established factories and factories to meet the need of the army and sell surplus to the people.In the field of trade, Mohamed Ali Pasha worked to spread security for internal trade routes and established a fleet of foreign trade where trade flourished in Egypt.
Spreading education to meet the need of government offices, he established schools of all levels and specializations, sent missions to Europe and transferred modern science.
The sons of Muhammad Ali tried to follow his path in an attempt to catch up with the European civilization. In 1869, the Suez Canal for International Navigation opened in a grand ceremony.
Egypt has witnessed several revolutions against foreign intervention, where the national movement intensified was the Orabi revolution in 1882, which ended with the British occupation of Egypt, which declared protection against Egypt in 1914 and ended its official dependence on the Ottoman state.
The Republic
Egypt entered the twentieth century and is burdened by the British colonial pressures to loot its wealth.Popular resistance and the national movement against the occupation led by Mustafa Kamel and Mohamed Farid and the national feeling strongly emerged with the revolution of 1919 to demand independence and the national leader Saad Zaghloul had a prominent role in it, then the British protection was canceled on Egypt in 1922 and recognition of its independence and issued the first Egyptian constitution in 1923.
Revolution era
El-Bekbashy Gamal Abdel Nasser, Major General Mohamed Naguib and other Egyptian Free Officers led the revolution of July 23, 1952, which carried out many tasks, including the promulgation of the Agrarian Reform Law, the first five-year economic and social development plan in Egypt's history in 1960, and the attempt to develop industry and production. 1960-1970, which promises to choose the United Nations the most important development project in the world in the twentieth century, Egypt fought to complete its construction a long war against the great powers that wanted to rein in Egypt during the rule of Gamal Abdel Nasser and also assisted the country in the field of education, health, construction and reconstruction Agriculture. In the field of foreign policy, the July Revolution, led by Gamal Abdel Nasser, encouraged the liberation movements from colonialism, and the policy of positive neutrality took a fundamental principle in its foreign policies. Egypt became in that period, and due to the capital of national liberation in the world, Israel, France and England organized an attack on Egypt. The tripartite aggression against Egypt was called the Egyptian army and the Popular Resistance in heroic actions to repel the French and the British. Israel took the Sinai in full, but the Security Council issued a resolution to return all the occupied territories to Egypt and the illegality of the attack on Egypt.
On June 5, 1967, Israel launched an attack on Egypt, Syria and Jordan, and occupied Sinai, the Golan, and the West Bank of Jordan.
Despite the enormity of the loss, Egypt's army was able to cross this ordeal in its steadfastness against the Israeli forces and enter the war of attrition. At that time, Gamal Abdel Nasser died in September 1970 and his funeral was one of the largest funerals in history.
Mohamed Anwar Sadat came to power after Gamal Abdel Nasser, worked to settle the internal problems of the state and prepare Egypt to fight a war to liberate Sinai. On October 6, 1973 at 2 pm, the Egyptian armed forces and the Syrian Arab armed forces carried out an attack on Israeli forces in both the Sinai Peninsula and the Golan. The war on the Egyptian front began with an air strike by the Egyptian air force against Israeli forces, and the Egyptian forces crossed into the East Bank and raised the Egyptian flag.
President Anwar Sadat entered the settlement of the Arab-Israeli conflict to create a lasting peace opportunity in the Middle East. He agreed to the peace treaty presented by Israel (Camp David) on March 26, 1979 with the participation of the United States after President Sadat's visit to Israel in 1977 paved the way. Sinai Island completely on 25 April 1982 with its withdrawal while retaining the border strip of Taba and the Egyptian government later retrieved this tape, based on the arbitration that was subsequently done in the International Court of Justice.
Egypt's signing of the peace agreement and Sadat's visit to Israel have caused resentment inside and outside Egypt. Supporters of the agreement see it as restoring Sinai to Egypt and paving the way for peace in the Middle East. Its opponents believe that the effects of this agreement have isolated an Arab country with political and military weight, Egypt, from the Arab-Israeli conflict, and worked to limit the scope of movement of the Egyptian army in Sinai, and weakened Egypt's leading role in the Arab world. On November 2, 1978, a conference of the League of Arab States was held in which it was decided to relocate the headquarters of the League of Arab States from Egypt. Egypt.
The assassination of Sadat
By the fall of 1981, the government carried out a massive campaign of arrests, including the heads of Islamic movements, Coptic Church officials, writers opposed to President Sadat, journalists, leftist and liberal intellectuals. The number of detainees in Egyptian prisons reached 1420, following signs of sedition and popular unrest rejecting reconciliation with Israel and the state's economic policies. President Sadat intends to release them once he receives the land of Sinai.
On October 6, 1981 (31 days after the arrest warrants were announced), Sadat was assassinated in a military parade marking the anniversary of the October War. The organization was carried out by the government in September and was succeeded by Vice President Mohamed Hosni Mubarak.
Mubarak era
October 14, 1981 Mohamed Hosni Mubarak took over the presidency of the Arab Republic of Egypt, after the nomination of the People's Assembly.
In October 1987, he was re-nominated as President of the Republic for a second term.
1993 Reappointed President of the Republic for a third term.
In September 1999, he was re-nominated as president for a fourth term.
He was elected to a new term in 2005 in Egypt's first multi-candidate presidential election following a constitutional amendment.
Second Republic
On January 25, 2011, a popular revolution known as the January 25 revolution, the protests lasted 18 days, and on February 11, Mohamed Hosni Mubarak stepped down and charged the Supreme Council of the Armed Forces to manage the affairs of the country. Egypt began a phase called the stage of democratic transition, a referendum was held to amend the Constitution of 71 that included limiting presidential terms to only two terms. Elections were then held for the People's Assembly and the Shura Council. On June 21, 2012, Mohamed Morsi was declared president after a pluralist presidential election in which 13 candidates participated.
Mohamed Morsi's presidency of Egypt lasted one year as protests took place on June 30, 2013, and the armed forces, led by Defense Minister Abdel Fattah al-Sisi, carried out a coup that removed the president and appointed him Adly Mansour as interim president. Supporters of the ousted president rallied in two important squares in Cairo and Giza for 65 days, then broke up their sit-in, leaving hundreds of dead.
After a one-year transition, presidential elections were held in which only two candidates - Defense Minister Abdel Fattah al-Sisi and Hamdeen Sabahi - were nominated. El-Sisi was declared the president of Egypt by 96.1%.
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